Industrial fuel oil provides a vital function in many sectors of our economy. This crude petroleum product is extensively used to create power for industrial processes, ranging from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The characteristics of industrial fuel oil permit it a suitable choice for these demanding applica

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then deposit on